How to Develop a Vineyard

Starting a vineyard requires careful planning and a clear understanding of its purpose. Will the vineyard produce grapes for the fruit market or for wine production? The choice of grape variety and clone will either influence the land selected or need to match the conditions of a predetermined site. Land suitability differs significantly depending on whether it is for sparkling or still wine production, and the various regions of the UK also play a key role in site selection.

VineWorks has established over 300 vineyards across the UK.  Here is some guidance about the stages of vineyard development based on our experience. Many factors must be considered, and each field presents unique challenges.

Topography

South, southeast, and southwest-facing slopes in the northern hemisphere receive the most sunlight throughout the day. This increased sun exposure is vital for ripening grapes in regions with shorter growing seasons and cooler temperatures. Some sites in the UK are prone to frost, especially in low-lying areas where cold air tends to settle. Sloped vineyards offer better air drainage, allowing frost to roll off the hillside rather than accumulate, reducing the risk of frost damage.

Soil

The soil in a cool-climate vineyard should have good drainage to prevent water from pooling around the roots, as this can stress vines and encourage disease. Loam, sandy loam, gravel, and chalk soils are ideal for providing both good drainage and nutrients that promote healthy vine growth.

Different rootstocks thrive in soils with varying pH levels, though most prefer a pH between 6.5 and 7. Conducting a soil test before planting is essential to make necessary corrections to pH, organic matter, and macro- and micronutrient levels. Shallow, well-drained soils are advantageous because they limit the vine’s access to excessive nutrients, encouraging the plant to focus energy on fruit production rather than excessive vegetative growth. However, soil should still be deep enough to support root growth and provide access to sufficient water and nutrients.

Climate

A microclimate is the specific climate of a localised area, influenced by factors such as elevation, proximity to water bodies, and prevailing wind patterns. These conditions can significantly impact the health of grapevines and the quality of the resulting wine. A growing season with an average temperature above 12.5°C or 850 growing degree days is generally a good starting point for site suitability.

Vineyards at higher elevations, above 100 meters above mean sea level, often experience cooler temperatures but benefit from extended sunlight exposure due to fewer atmospheric obstacles. Higher elevations also tend to be windier, which helps reduce humidity and lowers the risk of mildew and rot. However, altitudes above 140 meters may cause vine stress due to cooler temperatures, shorter growing seasons, and increased wind exposure.

Prepare for Planting

Clear the site of existing vegetation, rocks, roots, and other obstructions. Arable fields often transition most easily to vineyards as they are already flattened and cultivated. Deer fencing may be necessary, as deer can cause significant damage to younger vines, particularly in smaller vineyards. Additionally, installing hardstanding areas and gateways is important for managing materials and harvest logistics. Vineyards are often serviced by labour forces without four-wheel-drive vehicles, so providing accessible welfare facilities is essential.

Converting grassland or pasture into vineyards can be more challenging, as these fields often require extensive preparation. Natural England may object to cultivating land that has not been previously cultivated, so checking regulations is crucial. Soil preparation typically involves subsoiling, ploughing, and adding lime, organic matter, and nutrients as needed. Tilling the soil improves aeration and incorporates organic matter, such as compost or cover crops, to enhance fertility and soil structure.

Planting Process

VineWorks uses a GPS-guided planting machine for vineyard development, which requires a fine tilth of 25-30 cm on planting day. This level of soil preparation may seem counter to practices in regenerative agriculture, where shallower or minimal cultivation is common. However, vineyard vines are planted deeper than most crops and remain in the ground for decades. Once established, vineyard soils are not extensively cultivated for a generation.

When planting vineyards by hand, some soil cultivation is essential to support root development. Proper soil preparation during the planting process lays the foundation for healthy vines and long-term vineyard success.

Final thoughts

Establishing a vineyard requires thoughtful planning and attention to site-specific details. From grape selection to soil preparation, every step is vital for success. At VineWorks, we proudly share our expertise, helping clients build thriving vineyards one vine at a time.

PUBLISHED IN FRUIT & VINE MAGAZINE - FEBRUARY 2025

More News & Articles

View All Articles
  • James Dodson (CEO) and Chris Buckley (Business Director) of VineWorks standing in a vineyard

    VINEWORKS 2024: A Busy Year for a Dynamic Business

  • Viticulturist from VineWorks installed the Frolight frost protection system in a UK vineyardImage of small leaf covered in frost with Frolight Systems logo superimposed on it

    VineWorks announced as the designated distributor of Frolight in the UK

  • Photo of yellow Gregoire machine harvester with James Dodson CEO of VineWorks.

    New Harvesting Machine at VineWorks